Analysis and Classification of Modern Methods of Ecological Normalization of Anthropogenic Load: Russia vs. the West

An overview of the classification of ecological normalization methods is presented to facilitate the evaluation of alternatives. An historical review is given of the development of several ecological normalization methods such as Life Cycle Assessment and the International Organization for Standardization’s Eco-Management and Audit Scheme and the like in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), in the European mainland and in the United States of America. Mathematical models together with medical laboratory experiments were generally used in the former USSR to establish pollution permission levels, whereas environmental management tools are more emphasized in the Western world as ecological normalization methods for firms. Perspectives on the future development of these methods are given. It is concluded that the application of methods for ecological normalization is one of the most efficient ways of managing environmental matters today and this promotes human health protection. It is also concluded that the movement towards an increasing accord in quality standards among various countries using a complex approach will result in the continuous development of ecological normalization methods.